A Study on the Cultural Connotation of Chinese Dishes and Their Translation

China is renowned for its unique dishes. Nowadays tasting Chinese dishes has become an important element for foreigners to know better about China. Although a lot of restaurants have their English versions of menus today, those translations are not so satisfying. It occurs too often that many foreigners feel confused while they are looking through the menus. Why is it so difficult to translate Chinese dishes into English and how is it translated into sound English versions to fit the fine Chinese dishes? To find the answers is the main purpose of this paper which focuses on the cultural connotation of Chinese dishes and their translation. In our study of translating Chinese dishes, we should first know well about what the criteria for translation are. In Guo Junxia’s ( ) article, I get the information as the following: the three characters, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance formulated by Yan Fu in his Introductory Remarks are thought of and supported as the one and only maxim all translators must absorb (qtd. In Guo Junxia,258). So when we translate Chinese dishes into English, we should take these three criteria into consideration. When I search for the materials on this study, I find that many people have been engaged in this study and have brought forward many strategies on it. Literal translation is a strategy frequently used in translating Chinese dish names. When the target reader understands the information in the source text easily and clearly, the dish names maybe translated literally. However, the Chinese strive for elegance when they name the dishes, so a word-for-word translation may lead to misunderstanding, puzzlement or even embarrassment. The best way to avoid invalid translation is to paraphrase (namely, free translation) it. Transliteration is involved in the strategies as well, making the local characteristic of the dish and its connection with a certain person more prominent( ). Many experts have referred to the strategies of translating Chinese dishes like above, and some gave more details or other different opinions. In Feng Qinghua ( ) and Mu Lei’s ( ) book, they gave details on how to translate Chinese dishes by using the strategies of literal translation and free translation. 1. Literal translation: cooking method(s)+ major ingredient(s) 2. Literal translation + explanations 3. Free translation: 1. Major ingredient(s)+ with+ sauce 2. Sauce+ major ingredient(s) 4. Transliteration+ explanation(s) They also said sometimes we can translate Chinese dishes by using the names with which Westerners are very familiar, making the translation more real and understandable (241). Although their strategies are very detailed, the examples they gave may make us frustrated. In their book, one dish is taken for example to explain one strategy, but then the same dish will be also mentioned in another strategy. Lu Hongmei ( has put forward a similar opinion, but she added one point: how to translate the pharmaceutical dishes. When translate this kind of dishes, the translators should translate both the ingredients and cooking methods, as well as the explanations on its functions (128). Sometimes when the translators translate the Chinese dishes by using literal translation, the beauty of original version will get lost. What should we do to deal with this problem? As Li Zubing’s ( ) has states in his essay, when translate Chinese dishes, translators should integrate the â€Å"format† with â€Å"meaning† very well, but it is not always that easy. Nevertheless, the translator should always gain an idea that the content is invariably superior to the format. To translate the principal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting and ways of cooking always rank as the priority in the list, just as Westerns do, letting the dinning people know what taste these dishes are (65). I prefer his idea because I believe that until others understand what the meaning you convey is, then it is possible that they can get the further information behind the words. In Zhu Chunlin’s ( essay, he has explained the strategies from another standpoint. He said there are two strategies of translating Chinese dishes, namely, the first one is perfect translation, and the other one is adequate translation. The perfect translation means the translated version is only to convey the original information, regardless of the story or history hidden behind it. When translate Chinese dishes, the translator only needs to translate the pr incipal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting, and ways of cooking, etc. By contrast, the adequate translation, as Li Zubing explained, requires the translator to yield up the format, but instead, to keep the content (187). As to the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, which are connected with history, legend, fairy tales, and so on, many scholars have presented different opinions on the strategies of translation. Yang Qunyan ( ) has explained that if the Chinese dished are translated literally or paraphrased, the cultural connotations embedded in them will be lost. So the translator should provide some background information as well (66). Although it is reasonable to give more information to better understand the dishes, the room of the menu does not permit to admit too many words. When we are in this kind of dilemma, we should add the background information selectively according to different dishes. Just as Xie Xianze ( ), Pan Yanqiang ( ), and Du Li (? ?)have stated in their essay, the primary thing of translating Chinese dishes is the conciseness. When translate the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, the translator needs to provide some explanations on them. However, different explanations should be given according to their different names, and the co-authors have classified them into two categories. For the dishes of requiring little explanations, the translator should only translate the principal ingredients, subsidiary or auxiliary ingredients, ways of cutting, and ways of cooking, etc, and then add their pinyin and literal meaning in parenthesis. As for the dishes requiring more explanations, the stories of the dishes should be added after the names, or, the waiters can explain to the dinning persons when they are looking through the menu (72). Zheng Jinhuai ( )has given more details on the strategies of translating Chinese dishes. He offered his analysis on the characteristics of naming Chinese dishes with cultural connotation, and gave three main strategies to translate them, and the translator can use them accordingly. Firstly, when the dishes involve the historical persons, stories, legend, etc, the literal translation can be used and further explanations should be added. Then, when the dishes involve the places, the translator had better choose the strategy of literal translation. Lastly, when the dishes relate to figures, shape, color, culinary jargon, best wishes and expectations, and imagination, etc, the free translation is the best choice (90). My essay will put forward to my strategies after analyzing the characteristics of naming Chinese dishes. Additionally, we should take account of the cultural differences. As Li Yuqing ( ) said in her essay, the translated versions can sometime arises a cross-language and cross-cultural problem. We should take into consideration whether the translations ate culturally acceptable to foreigner or not. After all, it is suggested that we should follow the principles of stability and consistency in cuisine naming and its translation, trying our best to translate the refined and graceful cuisine names in the foreign language by keeping their original cultural connotation (98). For this paper, many strategies will be put forward, including the literal translation and free translation; especially the Chinese dishes with cultural connotation. This paper will pick up many typical Chinese dishes to exam the strategies from various aspects. Where can I get the English versions of Chinese dishes?

In-Home Internet Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In-Home Internet - Coursework Example It is as a base station and distributes internet to the surrounding areas. Varied cells are assigned different frequencies from that closer to prevent signal interference and ensure reliability is in existence. Frame relay does the implementation without any error or control of flow. Here the data rates are up to 4 Mb/s and more depending on the provider. When handling frames, the latency is reduced, and precautions have to be taken to ensure that there is no build -up at switches occurring at intermediate points. Since these relays are identified uniquely by a DLCI, they ensure that there is communication from both directions of the DTE device. However, most of the connections concerning Frame Relays are based on PVCs other than SVCs. The provision from Frame Relay is permanent with bandwidth being medium thus its ability to carry data and voice traffic. It is thus suitable for Local area networks since the router only requires a single interface even with use of many VCs. Asynchronous Transfer Mode on the other hand came up due to standards for transfer of data, voice, and video at the same time (Mollenkopf, KloeÃŒ , Olbermann, Klumpp & Redecker, 2010). The speeds of operation were extremely fast than what had been previously attained without these standards. ATM has even better speed transmission capabilities than what Ethernets have achieved in local area networks. It also finds use in cell switching handling fixed-length. It involves multiplexing many packet switches that originate from varied cells that exist in different sources. The breakup of AT&T is the start of a season of smaller communications in the world. The resultant effect is a shift in the nature of competition. Local companies on phone will offer competition spanning regions and businesses. The advantage will be the high speed of connection. Opportunities are in providing products that are standardized with better improvements. It also

Indian Arts and Clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indian Arts and Clothing - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Indian sculpture focuses towards the spirituality, elegance, magnificence and mysticism. All these are important factors for the Indian sculpture. In India sculpture over the years has been one of the most preferred medium for the artistic expressions. Sculptures have significant contributions in the context of Indian Arts. Wall painting is also an important part of the Indian Arts. It is a unique artistic concept which is highly regarded by the Indian as well global artists. Wall painting has very long presence in the rich tradition of Indian Arts. During prehistoric time there was a concept of rock painting from which the concept of wall painting has come into the picture. Indian wall paintings offer aesthetic continuum which showcases Indian historical reformations. Wall paintings of India are globally recognized by the various experts. Wall painting in the places like Ajanta and Ellora are highly attractive for t he global tourists. Miniature paintings are the integral parts of the Indian Arts. Generally these kinds of paintings’ are being done on the books, papers and in any small places. Indian miniature paintings are significantly classy and delicate in nature. It indicates prosperity and richness of Indian Arts. The concept of this Indian Art came from the state of Bengal. Slowly but surely this art has caught the attention of global arts lovers. All these paintings have multidimensional characteristics which indicate versatility of the miniature painting. In India cultural diversity is significantly evident; in their miniature paintings also those cultural diversities are clearly evident. Without jewelry, Indian Art is incomplete. Over the years jewelries have contributed significantly towards the Indian Arts. Its exotic styles and glitters have made this thing one of the most prominent Arts in the country. Indian jewelry has long tradition and history. Since the historical perio d up to independence the country has been ruled by the various kings. Jewelry designing also has gone through lots of reformations and changes. In jewelry designing, influences of diversified Indian arts and cultures are easily found.

Exploring the Psychological and Emotional Issues as Relates to a Known Essay

Exploring the Psychological and Emotional Issues as Relates to a Known Stillbirth - Essay Example Pregnancies that reach 38 weeks of gestation normally don't result in the fetus being still born but occasionally this does take place. When it does the midwife and other medical professionals have to be prepared and willing to help the mother cope and seek professional help to get through the devastating tragedy she has to deal with (Geller & Neugebauer 2001, p. 432). The problematic situations that take place are of high concern and the grieving process in itself is just as complicated as attempting to understand the stillbirth of the baby. What makes the grieving process so difficult is the fact that the mother has not had the opportunity to bond with her baby so there are no memories there to comfort the parent at all. This is medically termed, 'the token of remembrance' and leads to high anxiety levels for many of these mothers due to the facts that they never had the opportunity to dress, caress, hold, or even speak with their babies (Radestad et al 1996, pg. 1505). Often the m other falls into a deep depression and goes through a series of psychological phases, some having been briefly mentioned. The traumatization is one very important factor that presents itself in cases such as this one. Some of these are self-blame, and guilt even though there might not exist a medical explanation for the loss whatsoever (Frost 1996, p. 54). As the research will show, psychoanalytical theory, although utilized in the past for assessments following stillbirths was popular in decades past it is now considered unreliable and does not provide relevant information that correlates with the emotional state of women who suffer from such a loss. Stillbirth is now considered to be an event that creates intense feelings of sorrow and depression which can turn to more serious psychological problems, far exceeding the regular baby blue syndrome that women have following a normal delivery of a live baby. Ultimately from having had personal experience with this young woman I can strongly say that I believe the psychosocial factors are what are of the highest concern in ensuring her well-being following this loss. The support that she needs from her spouse, a woman's support network, and her own relatives will definitely affect how she will appraise her loss and cope with it. These also will have a part in how well she manages the various emotional stages that she will indeed have to endure and how her level of distress will have to be managed as well. As was mentioned, depression and high levels of anxiety are the two most common psychological influences following such a tragic occurrence for women. The Case Study The case study shows a woman that was physically fit and took care of herself following the full 38 weeks of her pregnancy. There is no mention of cigarette smoking or alcohol abuse that could be tied in with the untimely death of her fetus in utero. Often these concurrent problems are what medical experts have found that can cause still-births and other related problems with a fetus while still in utero (Lester et al 2004, pg. 1477). However, as was stated, in this case there was no known

Pest And Swot Analysis Of Australia

Pest And Swot Analysis Of Australia Sydney is the largest city in Australia with a population of 22,000 in central area and 4 million people in greater Sydney area. It is situated on Australias south-east coast and is one of the most multicultural cities in the world and is a major destination for immigrants to Australia. 1.2 The Product Kluang Station Kluang Station is known as the Coffee Shop Canteen. Going abroad for further expansion and growth for the first time may be challenging as there are limitations to it. The existence of rules and regulations for venturing into the Australian food and beverage market require that they be critically looked at as it is crucial for Kluang Station to understand and abide them. 2.0 Market Audit SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis A recent international comparative study, Doing Business in 2008, found Australia has the ninth most business friendly regulations in the world, this means that the regulatory environment in the economy is conducive to the operation of business. Political The government and regulatory institutions are reliable, transparent, impartial and internationally competitive, thus providing investors with a safe and secure business framework. Political Risk One of the main issues to be discussed is the concern of the political risk within a country. In this case, concerns of the possibility that political decisions such as expropriation of profits, events such as wars, terrorism, and insurrection in the host country will negatively affect the business climate. Political System Three political parties dominate the Australian political system: The Liberal Party (LP) nominally representing urban business interests, and its smaller Coalition partner. The Nationals nominally representing rural interests are the more conservative parties. The Australian Labor Party (ALP) nominally represents workers, trade unions, and left-of-center groups. All political groups are tied by tradition to welfare programs. Over the last decade, Australia has increased assistance to families while imposing obligations on those receiving unemployment benefits and disability pensions. Legal System Australias legal system is based on the English System of legislative statutes and common law similar to that of Malaysia. Therefore, depending upon the type of investment proposed, an overseas investor in Australia would need to have regard to the laws and regulations of one or more of the Federal, State, Territory or Local Governments. With regards to the opening of Kluang Station in Sydney, the Federal Government has power in most areas concerning the national economy including income tax, exchange controls and foreign investment in corporations and land assets. Economical Australia has an enviable, strong economy with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies. Healthy business and consumer confidence and high export prices for raw materials and agricultural products are fueling the economy, particularly in mining states. According to the data and products produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) the current unemployment rate is 4.4 which are known to be one of the lowest rates in the world Sociocultural i. Communication Australians are very direct in the way they communicate, There is often an element of humor, often self-deprecating, in their speech. Language English is the national language. Australian English is a major variety of the language, with its own distinctive accent and vocabulary some of which has found its way into Standard English. All documentation are written in English, these make it easy for Kluang Station to venture into Sydney. ii. Dining With the emphasis of multiculturalism, many other cuisines have influenced the Australian food culture such as the Asian foods formerly brought up by the settlers. Technological A combination of world-class information and communications technology (ICT) is adaptable across all Australian industry sectors providing an excellent environment for investors. E-readiness is a measure of a countrys information and communications technology and the ability of businesses and consumers to use ICT to their advantage. One benefit of this is the application of mobile technologies. The service industry, more specifically restaurants, has initiated exploiting the benefits of mobile technology. For instance, the benefits of using personal digital assistants (PDAs) in a restaurant have been explored. The findings indicated that the use of such technology has increased efficiency and accuracy, speedier service, better usability, and enhanced reputation. Telecommunication Sydney has a world class telecommunications infrastructure. Australian domestic networks consist of fiber-optic, wireless, and satellite system. Fiber-optic cables are the predominant technology allowing speedy internet access. Transportation Sydney is well equipped with public transport ranging from buses, taxis, to monorails and trains. There are also catamarans and ferries that ferry people from the main island to Manly Island located across Sydney harbour. Besides that, the airport is located close to the city, about a half an hour drive by motorway. 3.0 Target Market The restaurants target market will consist primarily of local residential customers ranging in age from 21 to 45 and local businesses. The main customers to be targeted would be office workers and tourists. This is due to the fact that most children would be at school and family outings happen on weekends as parents and children are free from obligations. Objectives Below are the objectives that are to be achieved via the marketing plan for Kluang Stations expansion into the Australian food and beverage market: i. Expand the market for local Malaysian delicacies such as Roti Bakar, Hainanese chicken rice, Ipoh White coffee and The Tarik ii. Expand the growth potential of Kluang Station by venturing into a new international market. Marketing Plan 5.1 Mode of entry 5.2 Product 5.3 Price First step for going global, Kluang Station is aware that price becomes increasingly important as a competitive tool. The manager is responsible for setting and controlling the price of the goods and services provided. In Kluang Station, the prices of food and drinks served are in about the range of $2 to $15. 5.3.1 Customary Mark-ups There are costs that will be incurred in the business that will lead to increments of the pricings. The main costs from the fixed rate include the renting, utility, and electricity of the restaurant in Sydney. Also, the charging of labor, that costs AUS$5 per hour.Part of the government regulations, Kluang Station must comply with the application of GST (tax charges) on total items sold. 5.4 Place Kluang Station will be located at Newtown NSW. The reason this particular address was chosen was due to the reputation of the street. Locals know it as a dining area that offers a variety of different foods to cater to any palette. It will be fitted will old kopitiam furniture; wooden stools and chairs, marble top tables, which will be flown in from Malaysia. To add to the ambiance, old Chinese opera music will be played softly in the background. 5.5 Promotion As there are many forms of advertising in Australia, Kluang Station would take this advantage to become recognize in the market. Since they are new in the market, Kluang Station would want to be established however within their planned budget. One way to advertise the existence of Kluang Station is through newspaper as it is one of the lowest costs for advertising. Since the target markets are potential drivers in Sydney, this could be the best way to reach to them. 5.6 Human Resource Kluang Station will need to employ several workers; cooks, waiters/waitresses, cleaners, cashiers, a manager, and two supervisors. Hiring will be done from the local community by taking out an advertisement in the local paper and using local job placement agencies. 5.6.1 Employer-employee relations There are employer employee agreements whereby this is registered with the Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission, covering an employees working arrangements, pay and conditions. The employer employee agreements have been designed to provide appropriate protections and choice for both employees and employers. 5.6.2 Salaries and benefits Working in Australia gets the benefit of a flex working time. The salary of every employee is in proportion to their work loads. It seemed to have been above the standard scale and this is why many seek to land in the Australia shores. Aside from the filthy competitive salaries and benefits, they can enjoy luxurious fringe benefits. Budget 6.1 Five year financial project and assumption The following pages showcase the budget profits/ lost statement and estimates projected income statement. Based on our assumption, Kluang station will be making a profit throughout the 5 coming years

The Dream of Wind Power Becoming a Reality Essay -- Wind Power Essays

The Dream of Wind Power Becoming a Reality The United States and all of the industrialized nations were built and are currently sustained by the burning of millions of tons of fossil fuels. This method of producing power has had disastrous consequences on human beings and our environment, which include air pollution, global warming and acid rain. Ever since the realization of these consequences people all over the world have been searching for alternative energy sources that are clean and sustainable. One of these new alternative forms of power is actually an old technology reinvented, wind power. Until recently wind power was seen as a renewable resource that could work on a small scale to cut down energy costs, but which could never replace fossil fuels because there were too many obstacles to its implementation on a large scale. This paper will discuss the many ways that wind power has been improved in the past few decades, which today makes it a viable energy option. One of the main problems wind power was forced to deal with early on was efficiency issues both with the design of the wind turbines. The blades of a wind turbine have gone through many design changes over the past decades which are all aimed at increasing there ability to maximize rotation from just a little wind speed. Today's wind turbines mainly feature long thin blades with only one horizontal piece as opposed to the old wind turbines which had multiple blades and were usually much thicker. The general progression has been towards lighter, stronger materials usually composites, which allow the blades to rotate quickly and easily maximizing power conversion, but with standing high wind speeds (National Wind Technology Center). The progression in techn... ...see wind energy and other renewable resources nearly replace fossil fuel use in our lifetimes. Works Cited Anderson, Ian. 1997. â€Å"Blowing Hot.† New Scientist. 22. Anonymous. 1999. â€Å"MPS Review: Wind Power; The Future of Wind is Growing Larger.† Modern Power System. 20. Anonymous. 1998. â€Å"It’s an ill wind that blows no good.† Design Week. 20-21. Moore, Taylor. Winter 1999. â€Å"Wind Power: Gaining Momentum.† EPRI Journal. 24: 8+. National Wind Technology Center, 2001. â€Å"Wind Turbine Research.† http://www.nrel.gov/wind/index.html (Oct. 12, 2001). National Wind Technology Center, 2001. â€Å"Wind In a Minute.† http://www.nrel.gov/wind/index.html (Oct. 12, 2001). National Wind Technology Center, 2001. â€Å"Wind Resource Database.† http://www.nrel.gov/wind/index.html (Oct. 12, 2001). Sample, Ian. 2000. â€Å"Hidden Power.† New Scientist. 166:14.

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constituion

The advantages of an unwritten constitution far outweigh the disadvantages (40) You must make a judgement. A constitution is a set of rules that establish duties and functions of the government and defines the basic principles to which society must conform. In this essay I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an unwritten constitution and show that I agree with this statement.On one hand, if a written constitution was introduced it would affect the power of government, relationship between judges and politician and individual freedoms and rights. One argument is that a written constitution would make the rules of the country clearer, as constitutional rules would be collected together and put into a single document and therefore more clearly defined than in an unwritten constitution where the laws, rights and rules are spread across many documents.Thus, a written constitution would create less confusion and the meaning about laws and rights may be greater enforced. Howeve r, a written constitution is unnecessary in countries who do not have one as many believe that the unwritten constitutional nature of, for example, UK politics has ensured a long history of democracy, and written constitutions may not be the most effective way of limiting government power. A written constitution may also have an educational value as it highlights the central values and goals in the political system.This may strengthen the populations feeling of belonging to the country as it creates a clearer sense of political identity. Furthermore, if these citizens feel a sense of belonging to a country they are more likely to become involved in, and be interested in what is going on in their country. On the other hand a written constitution can be considered rigid. With written constitutions a higher law is more difficult to change and it is easier and quicker to introduce an Act of Parliament than to alter a constitution.Due to this inflexible nature of a written constitution i t is difficult to ensure the constitution is up to date and relevant to current times as they cannot be changed easily and therefore it is harder for the government to respond to changing social, economic and political circumstances. Unwritten constitutions are flexible as they are not entrenched, and flexibility is extremely important and useful as the modern day is constantly changing. The strongest argument in favour of a written constitution is that it would protect the rights of its citizens and individual liberty would be more securely protected.The rights would become more clearly defined due to a written constitution and perhaps easier to enforce than an unwritten constitution because it is difficult to be completely sure of what your rights are, these rights can be defined through a bill of rights in the written constitution. However, just because there is a written constitution does not ensure the rights of a countries citizens will receive their rights – rather, it could lead to an elective dictatorship which might further restrict rights and may go on to persecute some of its citizens, which happened in Germany and resulted in the Second World War.Another disadvantage of a written constitution is that there may be tyranny within the judiciary. Judges are unelected and socially do not represent the population which could lead to a democratic deficit because of a lack of democratic legitimacy, as the public could be subjected to opinions which they do not agree with but have been implemented due to the preferences of senior judges.On the other hand, another advantage of a written constitution is that it would end elective dictatorship, where, as long as a government is elected, it can effectively do as it wishes because it often maintains a majority over the House of Commons and therefore can pass any laws it wishes to. Also, a written constitution would prevent a government from interfering with any higher laws because there would be a higher law safeguarding the constitution. To conclude, I believe that the advantages of an unwritten constitution far outweighs the disadvantages because it has always worked so changing it would be a waste of time, effort and money.In the UK there has been no constitutional crisis or major confusion over what rights citizens have but it remains stable and a part of the county’s history. Although an unwritten constitution may be considered too flexible which causes government to almost do as they wish, a written constitution would be far too rigid and would cause major difficulties when wanting to change certain laws, and it would also be difficult to agree on what a new constitution would contain.